Therefore a force must be present. The Big Bang theory is a cosmological model of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. However, Professor Sarkar said: 'All of these tests are indirect, carried out in the framework of an assumed model, and the cosmic microwave background is not directly affected by dark energy. The universe was not slowing down in its expansion, it was accelerating. but more efficientMultiple layers of fusion in high mass stars up to ironCepheid (high mass & more luminous) and RR Lyrae (low mass & less luminous)Cepheid variable star is related to the period between peaks in its brightness; the longer the period, the more luminous the starit can't generate more energy and the core collapsesHigh mass star collapses until it reaches nuclear density, outer layers blow off in explosion leaving its dense coreIf high mass star is not too mass, it'll turn into this after supernova (detected via x-rays)Rapidly rotating neutron stars, its beam of radiation appears light a lighthouseLocation of main-sequence turnoff (young = all main sequence, old = massive stars have died)If one person was on a ship accelerating fast enough, time would slow down compared to Earth, "faster twin lives longer"Mass distorts the geometry of spacetime, higher mass means more distortionAll matter has collapsed into one point, infinitely dense so light can't escape (found due to its effect on gravity, rapidly varying x-rays or gamma-ray bursts)Are galaxies just nebulae inside the Milky Way or separate island universes (inconclusive until Hubble)Used Cepheid variable stars to find accurate distance to Andromeda, classified galaxies based on appearanceNeither absorbs or omits light, evidence is rotation curves and gravitational lensing (Rueben discovered it)AGN = quasar (trillion suns, very luminous) = forming galaxiesStudy of the universe (structure, history, origins & fate)Nothing special about our place in the universe (homogeneous & isotropic)Universe is expanding, further galaxies move faster (space itself is stretching)Initial explosion that formed the universe, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and elemental abundance are strong evidence of thisLight is stretched out as it travels through the expanding universeHow do we know our Universe's expansion is accelerating?Theory of general relativity, previous observations of supernovas were slower previously1.

'There is other data available that appears to support the idea of an accelerating universe, such as information on the cosmic microwave background – the faint afterglow of the Big Bang – from the Planck satellite. Hopefully this will motivate better analyses of cosmological data, as well as inspiring theorists to investigate more nuanced cosmological models. "Why is the density of the Universe so difficult to determine?A great deal of the material in the Universe does not give off very much (or any) light.What evidence do we have that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating?Galaxies at great distances from us are traveling at velocities slower than the Hubble law predicts.To the best of our current understanding, what is the geometry of the universe on the largest scale?Dark energy represents a repulsive force, whereas gravity represents an attractive force. We analysed the latest catalogue of 740 Type Ia supernovae – over ten times bigger than the original samples on which the discovery claim was based – and found that the evidence for accelerated expansion is, at most, what physicists call "3 sigma".

'However, there now exists a much bigger database of supernovae on which to perform rigorous and detailed statistical analyses. The resulting map will be a unique resource to help us learn more about how galaxies are made and why the expansion of the universe seems to be speeding up. It initially had even higher significance – 3.9 and 3.4 sigma in December last year – and stimulated over 500 theoretical papers. In June 2015, astronomers reported evidence for Population III stars in the Cosmos Redshift 7 galaxy at z = 6.60.

Curated by Ruth Abrahams, Media Relations Manager (Research and Innovation).Researchers analysed a database of supernovae – the spectacular thermonuclear explosions of dying stars.The universe is expanding at an accelerating rate – or is it?

This requires energy. The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or Current observations allow the possibility of a cosmological model containing a dark energy component with equation of state There are many alternative explanations for the accelerating universe.

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