It turns out that they are not. The analysis finds that observed annual temperatures and precipitation increases are tracking the projections.

By collecting, archiving, and analyzing some of the same indicators at the New York metropolitan region scale, the NYCLIM proposed in this chapter by the NPCC3 could provide perspective, for instance, on whether the climate trends it is experiencing are similar or different from regional and national trends (Rosenzweig and Solecki, Other urban‐scale compilations of I&M measures have been developed that included New York City. Relevant social and economic indicators of vulnerability must be monitored to see that the consequences of risks are factored into adjustments to both short‐ and long‐term response protocols. © 2020 The New York Academy of Sciences. Higher confidence in projected outcomes versus observed outcomes. This recommendation for consideration is especially important for the design of short‐ to medium‐ to long‐term selected investments targeted to adaptation.The system should incorporate a consistent set of measures in order to capture changes in climate conditions, goals, and targets over time. Planners, therefore, face a complicated question: What indicator could be constructed to properly characterize current adaptation investments that may encourage additional real‐estate development, vis‐à‐vis the adaptation investments’ long‐term efficacy, sustainability, or lack thereof?Extreme heat and humidity, cold snaps, heavy downpours, extreme winds, sea level rise, and coastal flooding are increasing in frequency and intensity (see Chapters 2, 3, and 4), posing major hazards that produce climate‐related risk for the transportation sector. The Indicators and Monitoring chapter of the first New York City Panel on Climate Change Report began with the paradigm: What cannot be measured cannot be managed (Rosenzweig et al., 2010).

For example, data exist (MTA, Measures of network properties are commonly applied to infrastructure components and can be extended to interdependencies.These network measures include, for example, “betweenness” and “centrality” that measure the closeness of portions or components of systems to one another as well as the density (Wasserman and Faust, The text below highlights factors and revenue sources that could be sensitive to large extreme weather events that could have been attributed to anthropogenic climate change, or at least, the weather manifestations of a dynamic climate. The city and region is already experiencing changes in some of these, and changes in some are predicted to occur in the future. One way is to examine relationships in terms of recovery rates along the electric power–transit, transit–roadway, and roadway–electric power linkages. In addition, the members of the work group engaged with city agencies to understand their interactions with community members in responding to the risks of climate change and environmental justice. This included meetings with individual infrastructure managers that took place over the phone, in‐person, and over email, workshops with members of the New York City Climate Change Adaptation Task Force (CCATF), and reviews of NPCC3 proposed indicators by relevant New York City government agencies and infrastructure managers. DOT, NYS DOT, NYS DOT, NYC EDC, and PANYNJ.Not all of these agencies are listed in the data source column. These climate extremes are covered in various chapters throughout the NPCC3 Report (Table The NPCC3 2019 Report consists of three sections: Urban Climate Science, Community Resilience and Critical Infrastructure, and Charting Adaptation Pathways.The heat section expands the number of weather stations from the one (Central Park) in NPCC2 to three (Central Park, LaGuardia, and JFK) in NPCC3 enabling a more spatially disaggregated analysis across the city. In order to capture interdependencies as well as dependencies, a broad view of what constitutes the two systems is needed. The affected government needs to have the expertise and liquidity to manage the immediate situation and the recovery process at home; that is, it must (sometimes) be able to front the expenses that FEMA will eventually reimburse (though this may take years). Databases related to system failures are often difficult to obtain from the relevant agencies. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account.Enter your email address below and we will send you your usernameIf the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username The key to (3) is to find indicators and appropriate metrics that would show that engineered protection and/or accommodation of certain assets becomes ineffective, whether physically or economically, with time (i.e., due to continuing sea level rise); and that a relocation to higher ground (if and where available) becomes either unavoidable or economically advantageous.

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