They selected sites on the Atlantic coast of Merritt Island, surrounded by swampland and beaches. But because the Command Module was already 43 meters from the assumed center of the explosion in the S-II, the Command Module only had to travel 274 meters to escape the lethal overpressure wave and therefore survive the explosion. Mowery noted that due to structural considerations, the Saturn V could not be released instantaneously, so Saturn designers were developing a system to release the rocket gradually. NASA launched thirteen Saturn V’s without a single catastrophic failure. In their report they did not, however, reach specific conclusions about parachute heat damage.High and Fletcher found that calculating the characteristics of launch pad failures was not an exact science, in large part because there were so many variables to be taken into account, and also because no rocket as large as the Saturn V had ever exploded. During the launch of the first vehicle, AS-501, Rocco Petrone watched the rocket lift off from his seat in launch control and kept his hand near the button that would close protective covers over the windows if the Saturn V exploded. They based this assumption on the belief that the initial blast wave would completely rupture all of the fuel tanks and that any fuel not consumed in the initial explosion would burn underneath it, and feed it. But if any of the other factors occurred combined with an engine malfunction, the vehicle would roll and slide toward the tower and one of its large fins would collide with the tower structure, causing a catastrophe. Although the vehicles did experience occasional engine problems in flight, an engine hardover never occurred, and these problems did not greatly affect mission performance. That was something that was on the minds of those running the Apollo program who had watched dozens of missiles blow up in the 1950s and early 1960s. Mowery considered seven factors that could disturb the liftoff path of the vehicle. By knowing this, the designers of the Launch Escape System could develop sensors and electronic equipment for determining when this was about to happen in order to fire the escape rockets. Together, the three stages had a theoretical maximum explosive yield of 543,000 kilograms of TNT, or a little over half a kiloton, to use the terminology common to nuclear weapons. Part of the Saturn V studies was to see how capable the system has to be to safely get the astronauts away from an explosion. About two and a half hours later, the third stage engine is restarted to send the Apollo spacecraft out of Earth orbit and toward the moon.After the astronauts in Apollo dock with the lunar landing module and pull away from the now-useless third stage, this last remaining part of the Saturn V coasts away into deep space or is commanded to fly to a crash landing on the moon.Get breaking space news and the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!Thank you for signing up to Space. In 1961 and 1962, NASA planners decided the locations of physical structures for the two Saturn V launch pads, and designated the pads Launch Complexes 39A and 39B. That explosion completely destroyed one of the launch pads and shattered windows nearly 50 kilometers away. The distance requirement for the S-II was 317 meters. Rocco Petrone, the Saturn launch director, estimated that the real figure was more likely to be 300–400 tons. Following launch in a rainstorm on 14 November 1969, lightning struck its Saturn V 36.5 and 52 seconds after liftoff. The study’s authors concluded that there was the equivalent of 222,000 kilograms of TNT in the S-IC first stage, 253,000 kilograms of TNT in the S-II second stage, and 68,000 kilograms of TNT in the S-IVB third stage. Plummeting to the ground from a thousand meters was no better than being crushed in the initial blast wave. For both rockets, fireball surface temperature would attain 2500° Fahrenheit, and heat would be felt up to a mile from the launch pad.A fireball would begin to rise when it reached its maximum diameter. But he always suspected that if something did go catastrophically wrong and the Saturn V detonated with the force of a small atomic bomb, he would simply keep watching instead. The Saturn was most loaded with fuel at that point and posed the greatest danger to people on the ground. Shortly after that, the emergency escape rocket on top of the vehicle, only usable below 19 miles altitude, is fired off and discarded.At 9 minutes and 9 seconds after launch, the second stage is discarded and the third stage’s rocket engine is fired. Based on existing data, the study’s authors felt that it was unlikely that all of the fuel in the Saturn V would be consumed in an explosion, however. The site administration is not responsible for the content of the material. But because the Command Module was already 43 meters from the assumed center of the explosion in the S-II, the Command Module only had to travel 274 meters to escape the lethal overpressure wave and therefore survive the explosion. But this system had to work perfectly or it could create a dangerous situation during liftoff. The holddown force would decrease linearly to zero in 0.6 seconds.

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