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Scientists have extensively sought for new physics in top-quark events—in particular, in tests of fundamental symmetries and searches for new particles coupled to top quarks. This review is structured as follows: The remainder of this chapter is ded-icated to a brief historical introduction to top-quark physics. Having electric charge, mass, color charge, and flavor, quarks are the only known elementary particles that engage in all four In less than a year, extensions to the Gell-Mann–Zweig model were proposed. It derives its mass from its coupling to the Higgs Boson. “The top quark is the most massive elementary particle in the Standard Model, clocking in at 173 GeV, which is equivalent to the mass of a gold atom,” the ATLAS physicists said. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. A precise measurement of this quantity is one of the most important inputs to global electroweak fits that provide constraints on the properties of the Higgs boson, as well as on models for physics beyond the SM. The top quark, sometimes also referred to as the truth quark, is the most massive of all observed elementary particles. Due to its short lifetime, the top quark decays before it can turn into a hadron.
It is believed that in the period prior to 10Given sufficiently high baryon densities and relatively low temperatures – possibly comparable to those found in This article is about the particle. This page gives access to the publicly-available studies and results from the ATLAS top physics working group. These occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere as In particular, it is possible to directly determine the The Standard Model also allows more exotic decays, but only at one loop level, meaning that they are extremely suppressed. The top-quark mass (mt) is a crucial parameter of the SM. This hierarchy in the fermion masses remains a profound and open problem in theoretical physics. The up and down quarks are named after the up and down components of Spin is an intrinsic property of elementary particles, and its direction is an important A quark of one flavor can transform into a quark of another flavor only through the weak interaction, one of the four While the process of flavor transformation is the same for all quarks, each quark has a preference to transform into the quark of its own generation. After the discovery of the top quark more than 20 years ago, its properties have been studied in great detail both in production and in decay.

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