In Trinidad, about forty percent of the population is Asian.1659 – Queen Elizabeth I declared, “England was too pure an air for slaves to breathe in.” English law decreed “as soon as a man puts foot on English ground, he is free,” yet slavery in British held land in American continued for 238 years.1774 – Rhode Island became the first of the American colonies to abolish slavery.1807 – The United States forbade the importation of new African slaves.1807 – The British abolished the slave trade in all of their colonies.1865 – The fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution declared that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for punishment for crime shall exist within the United States. Sugar plantations in the Caribbean were a major part of the economy of the islands in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. An estimated 8 to 15 million Africans reached the Americas from the 16th through the 19th century. “A Political Ecology in the Early Spanish Caribbean.” “The Demographic Collapse of Native Peoples of the Americas, 1492-1650.” Families were split up, and the Africans were not allowed to learn to read or write. Great Britain outlawed slavery in all of their territories in 1833, but the practice continued for almost fifty years on some of the islands of the Caribbean.Once slavery was abolished, the plantation owners hired hundreds of thousands of people from India and other places in Asia. Conditions aboard the ship were dreadful. Although these nations have taken measures to mitigate the impacts of the sugar revolution, in some there are still traces of what the environmental historian of the Caribbean and Latin America, Reinaldo Funes Monzote, describes as a "serious deterioration" of the natural environment, with socio-economic consequences.The impacts concerning irrigation and pollution of water runoff are seen as the most profound issues in sugar cane cultivation.Molly A. Warsh. [Harper's New Monthly Magazine (Jan. 1853), vol. African men, women, and children were forced to work with little to eat or drink.The African slave population quickly began to outnumber the Europeans and Native Americans. As slave rebellions became more frequent, European investors lost money. Works on the slave trade, plantation slavery, the abolition of slave trading, the dynamics of plantation Life, indenture and abolition each feature prominently in the collections. Indigenous populations began dying at unprecedented rates due to the influx of old world diseases brought by colonists. The ships returned home loaded with products popular with the European people, and ready to begin their journey again.An estimated 8 to 15 million Africans reached the Americas from the 16th through the 19th century. The Portuguese introduced sugar plantations in the 1550s off the coast of their Brazilian settlement colony, located on the island Sao Vincente.Sugar was the most important crop throughout the Caribbean, although other crops such as Sugar created a unique political ecology, the relationship between labor, profits, and ecological consequences, in the Caribbean.Following European settlers’ entry into the Caribbean world, massive demographic changes occurred. Most Caribbean islands were covered with sugar cane fields and mills for refining the crop. The rise of slavery. The ships then traveled to America, where slaves were exchanged for sugar, rum, salt, and other island products. The Caribbean Sugar mill with vertical rollers, French West Indies, 1665. Slaves were jammed into the hull; chained to one another in order to stop revolts; as many as one in five passengers did not survive the journey. Only the youngest and healthiest people were taken for what was called the middle passage of the triangle trade, partly because they would be worth more in America, and partly because they were the most likely to reach their destination alive. Special strengths include original archival papers by numerous plantation owners and administrators, as well materials from trading companies and interest groups operating in the region.

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