Such information can be used to estimate deformation of the ground surface (and infrastructure upon it) in future large earthquakes, as well as to understand the uncertainties in these estimates. These confirmed that the fault zone width varies from ~30 to ~300 m, much of the displacement is by horizontal flexure, and the width is greatest at step-overs. Surface rupture of the previously unrecognised Greendale Fault during the Darfield earthquake extends for at least 29.5 km and comprises an en echelon series of east-west striking, left-stepping traces. For example the mean range from multiple geologists measurements is 4.44 m (±2.2 m) compared with 1.5 m (±0.75 m) by 1 geologist. This confirms that time and care needs to be taken over each displacement measurement, using the best dataset at each site, followed by review and consensus.Analysis of 54 profiles across the Greendale Fault rupture confirmed that rupture was wide (~30 to ~300 m) and that much of the displacement is by flexure (warping) rather than discrete rupture (breakage on faults).

The results also show that multiple measurements at the same site may not reduce uncertainties and that it remains vital to collect field data from a fresh rupture.Analysis of ~500 measurements made by 9 geologists shows even more variation than those undertaken by 1–2 people – up to 7.62 m at a single site, with a mean 4.44 m. There are no systematic variations between people’s measurements and so the variation is considered to mainly be a function of data type. These measurements were then combined with those made in section 4 to create a combined dataset of 532 measurements. Characterise the width and distribution of across-fault (perpendicular to fault strike) ground surface displacement.This report also presents a more detailed description and some further analysis of the previously published displacement measurements and a re-survey of selected markers to test for post-seismic displacement approximately 2.5 years after the Darfield earthquake.The format of the report is a series of mainly stand-alone sections:Section 2 presents a description of the datasets collected in September 2010. The rupture of the earth’s surface is clearly visible in this aerial shot of the Greendale Fault, around 7 kilometres west-north-west of Burnham township. Another uncertainty which needs to be taken into account for single event displacement is the natural variability in displacement along-strike, and the preferential preservation of certain markers and parts of a fault.Section 5 presents the results of two one-day workshops in which 8 geologists measured dextral displacements at 18 sites using 6 datasets (RTK, Orthophoto, and 4 Lidar rasters). 1). This is because the Tribunal can only decide on simple cases which are not already before the courts, ruling out the vast majority of EQC claims.At the time of the Canterbury Earthquakes, 99 per cent of Red Zone homeowners were insured against a disaster, having taken out individual insurance policies. Compare Greendale Fault dextral ground surface displacement measurements using different datasets and by different geologists; and2. In this study we make use of multiple datasets to: 1) Compare Greendale Fault ground surface displacement measurements using different datasets and by different geologists; and 2) Describe the deformation across (perpendicular to) the fault.

In some cases, there have been disputes between insurance companies or EQC and homeowners regarding what should be repaired and how, and in a small number of cases these disputes are still ongoing.For those who still have outstanding EQC claims, the Government’s Canterbury Earthquakes Insurance Tribunal is unlikely to be the answer some were hoping for. The hedgerow and tractor tyre tracks in the paddocks have been horizontally offset by about 3.5 metres. This means that should we experience another event like the Canterbury Earthquakes, we are in a good position to respond and if necessary rebuild.However, having the Government pick up the entire cost for those who hadn’t taken out their own insurance could set a concerning precedent.

An important observation is that only 1 displacement measurement corresponds to the calculated average net displacement of 2.55 m for the entire mapped Greendale fault surface trace, which has implications for single event displacement discussed in section 4. Surface rupture of the previously unrecognised Greendale Fault extended west-east for ~30 km across alluvial plains west of Christchurch, New Zealand, during the Mw 7.1 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake of September 2010. Grouping of the 30 highest quality profiles according to structural position (single trace, centre or ends of step-overs) confirms that dextral deformation is predominantly distributed (as opposed to concentrated solely on a small number of discrete shears). The limited time available and the second workshop participants aiming to measure displacements using every dataset (c.f. This could be a target of future re-surveys.Many of these research papers have PDF downloads available on the site.If you'd like to access a paper that doesn't have a download, use the

Thus any post-earthquake deformation is less than 0.4 m, which is consistent with the results from near-fault total station surveys (over 1.5 years) and far-field GPS (1–8 weeks after the Darfield earthquake) and InSAR surveys (up to 6 months after), although the latter noted some post-Darfield earthquake deformation at the major step-over and at the eastern end of the fault. The previously unknown Greendale Fault ruptured to the ground surface, causing up to 5 metres horizontal and 1 metre vertical permanent offset of the ground, during the September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake.

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